Research & papers.

The cryptography behind Bubble, in the open: foundational papers, independent audits, and third-party coverage.

The cryptographic construction behind Bubble

The gcVM: a Virtual Machine for Confidential Execution

The full construction, published in the open: how arbitrary programs run over ciphertext with no trusted third party. Read it, verify it, cite it.

Technical paper · 17 pages · PDF

The protocol, documented end to end

Garbled-circuit MPC for on-chain finance: approach, threat model, and performance.

Protocol documentation · GitBook

Independently audited

Protocol, cryptography, and implementation, reviewed independently.

Security audit · Report

What the analysts say

Third-party research coverage of decentralized confidential computing.

Research report · Messari

See how the garbled-circuit architecture works end to end.